Current sensors, also commonly called current transformers or CTs, measure the current flowing through a wire by detecting it and producing a proportional output. They work for both alternating and direct currents, allowing us to measure current passively without any interruptive interference in the circuit. They are positioned around the conductor in which current needs to be measured, and are generally used for proof-of-operation, monitoring, and logging applications. With the basics in order, let us now learn more about current sensors in detail.
How do Current Sensors Work?
Current sensing is of two types: indirect and direct. Direct current sensing involves Ohm’s law, whereas indirect sensing uses the magnetic field induced around the conductor when current flows through it.
By measuring the voltage drop across a resistor, its current can be measured. Ohm’s law states that the current of a conductor is a ratio of the voltage to its resistance. The total observable current maintains the voltage drop and the induced loss to a minimum due to its own dissipation. However, since the voltage drop may be negligible over a short distance of the conductor, voltage amplification may be needed to overcome resistance.
Current sensors also often use Hall effect sensor technology, which can be either an open- or closed-loop. A closed-loop sensor consists of a coil that is effectively driven to generate a magnetic field that counteracts the field produced by the measured current. The Hall sensor is used as a null detector, and the output is proportional to the current induced in the coil.
Inductive technology is another often-used system, especially when the CT is specifically designed to measure an alternating current. Since alternating current has a constantly fluctuating potential, the magnetic field also fluctuates accordingly. In such sensors, the wire is usually wrapped around a core. The magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the conductor stimulates a proportional current in the current sensor. This measured voltage/current is then converted into a readable output on the device.
Types of Current Sensors
Apart from the closed-loop and open-loop current transducers that have already been discussed, provided below is a list of CTs most commonly in use today:
How to Find the Right Current Sensor?
Engineers designing powerful monitoring equipment need to pay special attention while choosing the appropriate current sensor for their needs based on the following criteria:
To Conclude
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